his command to reach the market place of the hotly-contested city, and raised the American flag on the church steeple. Was in command of the land batteries in 1847 and in conjunction with the American fleet bombarded Vera Cruz into surrender. Distinguished himself at Cerro Gordo, was brevetted Major General and voted a sword by Congress. On Sept. 13, at the head of his troops stormed Chapultepec, the old fortress of Montezuma, which was considered impregnable by the Mexicans, and on the folowing day opened the attack on Mexico City, which he entered Sept. 15. Gen. Scott, as a mark of appreciation, appointed Quitman governor of the city, in which capacity he served until peace was restored. He was later elected governor of Mississippi and elected to Congress by large majorities from 1855 to 1858, the year of his death.
RASSIEUR, LEO—The only German ever elected Commander of the G. A. R. Served as major throughout the war.
RED CROSS SHIPMENTS TO GERMANY PROHIBITED BY ENGLAND. — England declared its moral bankruptcy when it prohibited the shipment of American Red Cross supplies for the wounded German soldiers and German hospitals April 21, 1916, and forcibly relieved American surgeons going into Germany to serve with the Red Cross of their operating instruments. No effective action was ever taken by our government for this violation of the Geneva Convention either as a principle of international law or as an act of "humanity."
RELIEF COMMITTEE FOR GERMAN AND AUSTRO-HUNGAR- IAN PRISONERS OF WAR—The distress among these unfortunates in Russia and elsewhere is great, and any remittances sent to headquarters, 24 North Moore Street, New York City, will be gratefully acknowledged.
RELIGIOUS PERSECUTIONS IN COLONIES—American colonial history reveals the fact that Englishmen, while boastful of the liberty of conscience which they claim as a divine heritage, differed from the Dutch and other Teutonic settlers in America as foremost in seeking to impose religious restrictions upon others and in offending against the doctrines of personal and religious liberty. There was very, little of real democracy in the Bay Colony, but much of aristrocracy, according to Dr. William Elliot Griffis ; for only church members had a right to vote. These Puritans could not tolerate the men of other ways of thinking, like the Quakers and the Baptists who came among them, whom they beat, branded and hanged. Both in Holland and America, this authority continues, the Pilgrim Fathers were better treated by the Dutch than by the Puritans. "Toleration is a virtue which Americans have not learned from England or from the Puritans of New England. For the origins of the religious liberty which we enjoy we must look to the Annabaptists, William the Silent and the Dutch republic." But the Colony did not a little trade in slaves, and one of its industries was the making of manacles for the supply of the African man-stealers and traders in human flesh. In 1631, Roger Williams arrived at Nantasket. He was a radical who claimed that no one should be bound to maintain worship against his own consent, and that the land belonged to the Indians and they ought to be paid for it. The Massachusetts Bay Colony ordered Williams to leave, and when he and five friends took up lands in Rhode Island, the Plymouth men notified him that the land he had chosen was under their control and in-
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