mer semesters at Heidelberg; translator of Emile Levasseur's "Elements of Political Economy". Member Pilgrim clubs, London and New York.

IMMIGRATION, VALUE OF—How much does the United States owe to immigration, as regards the growth of population? Fredrich Kapp worked out a table covering the period from 1790 to i860, the beginning of the Civil War, intended to show what the normal white population at the close of each decade would have been as a result of only the surplus of births over deaths of 1.38 per cent, each year, compared with the result as established by the official census figures.

"Natural" Growth Census figures

1790 3,231,930 -

1800 3,706,674 4,412,806

1 810 4,251,143 6,048,450

1820 4,875,600 8,100,056

1830 5,591,775 10,796,077

1840 6,413,161 14,582,008

1850 7,355,422 19,987,563

i860 8,435,882 27,489,662

The natural increase of the white population in 160 years would have been only 5,203,952, whereas it was 24,257,732, an increase of 19,053,780 over the natural growth. Statistics show that in 1790 an American family averaged 5.8; in 1900 but 4.6. During the earlier period each family averaged 2.8 children, in 1900 but 1.53, a decline of nearly 50 per cent.

Wilhelm Kaufmann ("Die Deutschen im Am. Bürgerkriege"), makes an ingenious calculation of the value of the immigration of the nineteenth century to the U. S. in dollars and cents. Fifty years ago, he says, a human being had a market price. An adult slave about 1855 was valued at an average of $1100. Estimating, for the sake of argument, a white immigrant at the same price, the 19,500,000 immigrants for the stated period would represent a value of $21450,000,000; but as a white man performed three times as much work as a slave, besides having a larger claim on life and a much higher intelligence, a white immigrant represented four times the value of a slave. What value, for instance, was an Ericson to the Union army, in the summer of 1862, or a Lieber, a Schurz, a Mergenthaler or a Carnegie ? But 22 per cent, of the total immigration was made up of children under 15 years of age. According to the New York Immigration authorities (1870) every German immigrant averaged a possesion of $150 cash on his arrival, representing a total value, as regards German immigration alone, of $750,000,000. A famous English economist says : "One of the imports of the U. S., that of the adult and trained immigrants, would be in an economic analysis underestimated at ii09,ooo,ooo ($500,000,000) a year."—Thorold Rogers, Lectures in 1888, "Economic Interpretations of History", (p. 407). And the American, James Ford Rhodes (Vol. I, p. 355) : "The South ignored, or wished to ignore, the fact that able-bodied men with intelligence enough to wish to better their conditions are the most valuable products on earth, and that nothing can redound to the advantage of a new country than to get men without having been at the cost of rearing them."

IMMIGRATION. — Because the working conditions in Germany were better than in any country in the world, immigration from the German

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